Guide to the use of slag cement in concrete and mortar. The amount used was only 06% of all blast furnace slag produced, and the supply. It should be noted that this investigation comprises two stages, one for ggbfs at the start of 2018, and a repeat series in late 2018early 2019 for both ggbfs, and an. It consists of nonmetallic minerals, which are tapped. Granulated blast furnace slag is considered a hazardous material according to the criteria specified in reach regulation ec no 19072006 and clp regulation ec no 12722008 and osha 29 cfr 1910. Article the durability of onepart alkaliactivated slag. Granulated blast furnace slag has a cellular structure resulting from rapid quenching in water, is cementitious in nature, and sets to form a solid concretelike mass. It results in the production of gas com pounds blast furnaces gas, of liquid slag castiron, and of solid gas dust. Blast furnace slag an overview sciencedirect topics. Basic blast furnace slag 1b other means of identification. Waste derived fill blast furnace slag specification 2015.
The most important chemical properties are moisture, fixed carbon, ash, sulfur, phosphorus, and alkalies. A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. The performance of the product identified in points 1 and 2 is in conformity with. Studies on blast furnace slag flow characteristics pdf.
Granulated blast furnace slag applications road and street construction yard and ground construction the stabilization binder loadbearing structures on wetlands binders rocks substructures thermal insulation in pipe trenches underdrain backfill base floor backfill side filler in building foundations sieve. Processed blast furnace slag, the all purpose construction aggregate, national slag association, alexandria, virginia. In iron manufacturing industry, it is unavoidable to produce large volume of blast furnace slag bfs as a mineral residue for the preparation of pig iron in blast furnaces as well as to discharge high volume of carbon dioxide co2 gas as a result of consumption of coke. Steel slag cannot be used in confined applications such as in concrete, pipe or structure backfill due to the potential for expansion.
Slag cement is often referred to as ground granulated blastfurnace slag ggbfs. Blast furnace slag is the one major byproduct of pig iron production, regularly generated each year in significant volumes as thousands of tons. At this point, slag can either become a waste, a construction aggregate or a hydraulic cement. Moreover, very few studies exist on the effects of blast furnace slag on selfhealing. Being a coproduct of iron manufacture in a modern blast furnace, molten blast furnace slag can be processed to produce a variety manufactured products1. What is ground granulated blastfurnace slag ggbs granulated blast. Pelletizing a pellet plant contains a series of balling drums where the iron ore concentrate is formed into soft pellets, in much the same manner that one rolls a snowball, to make a pellet about the size of a marble between 14 and 12. Metallic silicates and aluminosilicates various various 94100 crystalline silica as quartz 14808607 2388784 02. Both types of slags may be used as subbase material concerns with past performance when used as. Blast furnaces are used to produce pig iron from iron ore for subsequent. Blast furnace slag material description origin in the production of iron, iron ore, iron scrap, and fluxes limestone andor dolomite are charged into a blast furnace along with coke for fuel. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag ggbfs, sometimes simply referred to as slag, is a glassy granular material formed when molten blast furnace slag is rapidly chilled, as by immersion in water. Blastfurnace slag is defined by the american society for testing and materials as the nonmetallic product consisting essentially of silicates and alumino silicates.
Slag usage slag aggregates are approved for a number of uses although there are restrictions. Blast furnace slag, air cooled blast furnace slag 1c recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use. High temperature properties of bof slag and its behaviour in the blast furnace lena sundqvist okvist ssab tunnplat ab, luleii and lulea university of technology, lulea sweden slag formation in the bosh and raceway is an important issue in the blast furnace process. Molten slagthe nonmetallic minerals remaining after the iron is removedis tapped from the blast furnace. Blast furnace slag is defined as the nonmetallic product consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and other bases that is developed in the molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. Blast furnace bf iron slag, basic oxygen furnace bof steel slag, and electric arc furnace faf steel slag. Properties and uses of iron and steel slags national slag. Blast furnace slag msds 9901 page 4 section vii preventive measures waste information dispose of in accordance with local, provincial and federal regulations. Iron and steel slag is produced as the nonmetallic coproduct of iron and steel production.
Slag cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, granulated blast furnace slag gbfs, slag product form. The blast furnace is the primary means for reducing iron oxides to. At present, wastes from blast furnace and steel furnace production are, however, proc. High temperature properties of bof slag and its behaviour. Groundgranulated blast furnace slag is highly cementitious and high in csh calcium silicate hydrates which is a strength enhancing.
The hydration reaction forms a gellike material called calcium silicate hydrate. Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag in. Although steelmaking arc furnaces generally use scrap steel as their primary feedstock, if hot metal from a blast furnace or directreduced iron is available economically, these can also be used as furnace feed. Studies on blast furnace slag flow characteristics pdf book.
The durability of onepart alkaliactivated slag based mortars in different environments luigi coppola 1,2,3, denny coffetti 1,2,3, elena crotti 1,2,3. Recovery and use of blast furnace slag in the field of. Granulated blast furnace slag 90% 65996692 gypsum caso 4 2h 2 0 25% 10101414 section 4. It is a nonmetallic product, consisting of silicates and aluminosilicates of. Safety data sheet ground granulated blast furnace slag. The acid insoluble content is determined by itm 202. Comparing properties of concrete containing electric arc furnace. The rapid quenching or chilling prevents crystallization and converts the molten slag into sandsized particles of predominantly amorphous or noncrystalline. Both types of slags may be used as subbase material.
These operate at a temperature of about 1500 degrees centigrade and are fed with a carefully controlled mixture of iron ore, coke and limestone. After handling, always wash hands thoroughly with soap and water. Introduction slag is an integral part of iron and steelmaking. Slagground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, blast furnace slag, steel slag, granulated slag, pelletized slag, metallic slag, air cooled slag, nonmetallic slag, slag cement, hydraulic slag cement, slag synonyms. Strategy paper on resource efficiency in steel sector through. This reference data sheet gives guidance on the properties, characteristics and application of aircooled blast furnace slag bfs or more commonly known as bfs aggregates. Its chemistry and use with chemical admixtures technical bulletin concrete mix design introduction ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, sometimes simply referred to as slag, is a glassy granular material formed when molten blast furnace slag is rapidly chilled, as by immersion in water. Pdf investigating the local granulated blast furnace slag. The 70 million net tons of steel recycled in 2000 were used to produce about 112 million net tons of new steel in the united states. The use of blast furnace slag article pdf available in metalurgija sisak then zagreb 514. When ironore, coke and limestone melt in the blast furnace, two products are producedmolten iron, and molten slag. Grinding reduces the particle size to a cement fineness for use as a hydraulic cement, which is typically less than 3500 cm 2 g. The grade of a ground granulated blast furnace slag is based on its activity index, which is the ratio of the compressive strength of a mortar cube made with a 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag cement blend to that of a mortar cube made with a reference cement. United states steel corporation 600 grant street, room 1662 pittsburgh, pa 152192800.
A guide to the use of slag in roads, australian slag association and roads and traffic authority of nsw, new south wales, australia, 1993. Individual composition of hazardous constituents will vary between slag types. The primary ingredient of slag cement is granulated blast furnace slag gbfs that is ground to a fine powder. Cementitious applications of ground iron blast furnace slag by donald w. Mechanochemical modification of cement with high volumes of. Blastfurnaces are fed with controlled mixture of ironore, coke and limestone, and operated at a temperature of about 1,500c. The granulated blast furnace slag may be used to make blast furnace slag cement either by being interground with the portland cement clinker or by grinding the blast furnace slag separately and then blend. When mixed with water and portland cement the traditional way that slag cement is used, the concrete sets and hardens into a solid monolithic mass. The coke is combusted to produce carbon monoxide, which reduces the iron ore to a molten iron product. Expanded blast furnace slag is a small part of the supply of structural lightweight aggregates. Slag cement and the environment slag cement in concrete no. In the furnace hot metal, along with slag is processed from the raw material which gets collected in the hearth and blast furnace gases come out of blast furnace from the top. Analysis of slag flow in blast furnace during the extraction. Granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, blast furnace slag, steel slag, granulated slag, pelletized slag, metallic slag, air cooled slag, nonmetallic slag, slag cement, hydraulic slag cement note.
Glassy iron blast furnace slags were later investigated by michaelis, prussing, tetmayer, prost, feret, and green. Blastfurnace slag is defined by the american society for testing and materials as the nonmetallic product consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates. The blast furnace is the primary means for reducing iron oxides to molten, metallic iron. Safety data sheet sds section 1 identification 1a product identifier used on label. The iron ore concentrate is now mixed and ready for the pelletizing process. Slag is a byproduct of iron produced in a blast furnace.
Steelmaking slag generated in the process of refining blast furnace s hot metal in basic oxygen converter. Groundgranulated blast furnace slag ggbs or ggbfs is obtained by quenching molten iron slag a byproduct of iron and steelmaking from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Their investigation, along with that of pasow, who introduced the process of air granulation, played an important part in the development of iron blast furnace slag as a hydraulic. Vacuum arc remelting is also used in production of titanium and other metals which are reactive or in which high purity is required. Pdf the promotion of blast furnaces slag in construction industry aims at protecting the environment, fighting against the nuisance such as waste. Pdf characterization of blast furnace slag for road.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag type ii addition. Granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, blast furnace slag, steel slag, granulated slag, pelletized slag, metallic slag, air cooled slag, nonmetallic slag, slag cement, hydraulic slag cement, slag note. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is used as an additive with portland cement in combination with water and aggregates to form concrete. The iron ore is reduced to iron and the remaining materials from a slag. The supply of blast furnace slag remains problematic in the united states because of the closure and or continued idling of some u. Granulated blast furnace slag 90% 65996692 section 4.
Fly ash and blast furnace slag for cement manufacturing gbfs is slag from the iron production in basic oxygen furnaces. It is clear to conclude that blast furnace slag can be used to replace cement pc50 in range of 30% to 40% in order to increase the resistance of concrete to chloride penetration without affecting. Blast refers to the combustion air being forced or supplied above atmospheric pressure. When this slag is actively cooled and ground, gbfs is produced, which can be utilised as a cement or concrete addition. The latent hydraulic properties of the blast furnace slag could improve the selfhealing potential.
Top blast furnace slag suppliers exporters by country. The maximum percentage of absorption allowed by the standard specifications is 5. Blast furnace slag user guideline granular base user. Aggregate properties significantly affect the workability of plastic concrete and also the durability, strength, thermal properties, and density of hardened concrete. Indot permits the use of air cooled blast furnace slag acbfs. Compressive strength portland cement silica fume ground granulate blast furnace slag blended cement. Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag in portland. Read online studies on blast furnace slag flow characteristics book pdf free download link book now. Blast furnaces can generate in all villages variant armorer houses, usually under blocks of glazed terracotta.
Download studies on blast furnace slag flow characteristics book pdf free download link or read online here in pdf. This specification is approved by the environment protection authority under clause 4a of the environment protection waste to resources policy 2010 and applies to blast furnace slag. Pdf the paper presents the results of experimental research that dealt with the substitution of fi nely ground blast furnace slag for portland cement. To better understand the effect of slag and the impacts of materials characteristics and testing conditions on the chemical and. Comparative studies on microstructure and mechanical. Chemical composition of the slag, depends on the iron bearing load of the blast furnace and is adjusted in order to allow the elimination of the harmful elements to the working of the blast furnace and the quality of the cast iron 15 tables 1. Acid insoluble requirements do not apply to crushed gravel, limestone, or dolomite sands. The blast furnace gas bfg generated in the bf is cleaned through a series of steps before transporting it to the bfg holder. Gbfs is said to increase durability of concrete due to an increased setting time, which reduces. Granulated blast furnace slag gbfs from primary steel making. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Blast furnace slag bfs is a product of iron production, which has been widely investigated and utilized, particularly as a supplementary cementitious material for cement or alkaliactivated material, owing to its high hydraulic property or alkali activation reactivity. Ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbs1 is a by product from the blast furnaces used to make iron. Influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag cement.
Fly ash and blast furnace slag for cement manufacturing. This action exposes fresh sites for further reaction and is supposedly responsible for enhanced slag metal reaction rates, influencing the blast furnace operations and the quality of the metal. Granulated blast furnace slag gbf slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag a byproduct of iron making from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product. Steelmaking process are generally classified under two heads, namely, blast furnacebasic oxygen furnace bfbof route and electric arc furnace eaf and or induction furnace if route. There are three types of steel industry slag, each named for the process from which it is produced. Extensive field testing con ducted by eight of the nations major railroads and several inde pendent testing laboratories has proven that steel furnace slag is. Effects of blast furnace slag on chloride permeability of. Blast furnance slag user guideline portland cement. A blast furnace is a block that smelts ores and metal armor and tools, similar to a furnace. During the process of iron making, the impurities are fluxed and removed as slag. The present study evaluated the potential use of blast furnace slag bfs as forming material of untreated granular layers in pavement e. The primary aim for any blast furnace is to minimize the loss in production by reducing the downtime. Influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs cement in concrete pavement mix designs hocking moghaddam jones song. A direct conversion of blast furnace slag to mesoporous.
If air cooled, slag can be recovered as a noncementitious lightweight aggregate. Pelletized blast furnace slag, in contrast to aircooled and expanded blast furnace slag, has a relatively smooth texture and rounded shape. Continue flushing until advised to stop by a poisons information centre, a doctor, or for at least 15 minutes. In the furnace, hot metal along with slag is processed from the raw material which gets collected in the hearth and blast furnace gases come out of blast furnace from the top. Blast furnace slag cementsfly ash reference properties. Blast furnace, a vertical shaft furnace that produces liquid metals by the reaction of a flow of air introduced under pressure into the bottom of the furnace with a mixture of metallic ore, coke, and flux fed into the top. Lightweight cement aggregates are just one of the many and varied uses for this byproduct of the iron and steel industry. Blast furnace slag aggregates fly ash reference properties. Lewis, chief engineer aci convention, march 8, 1984 iron blast furnace slag in the process of extracting iron from ores, a blast furnace is charged with the ores, flux stones and coke. Investigating the local granulated blast furnace slag.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbs is a byproduct from the blastfurnaces used to make iron. For aircooled blast furnace sl ag or granulated blast furnace slag sand, the acid insoluble content is required to not be less than 25 % for this application. Slags, ferrous metal, blast furnace 65996692 2660020 100% the following components comprise this basic blast furnace slag product and were used for hazard determination. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is used as an additive with portland cement in. Such a slag acquires liquid mobility and trickles down the furnace away from the site where it starts distorting plastically, as soon as possible. The bfbof route primary sector caters to around 45% of indias steelmaking capacity, while the remaining. Blast furnace slag usage and guidance for indiana purdue epubs.